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Ep. 8The Bridge of Fish and Turtles
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Episode 8

The Bridge of Fish and Turtles

The founding of Goguryeo · 37 BCE
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Wind, campfire and river sounds change with every scene, and the music follows the story.
Previously

Born from an egg laid by Yuhwa, daughter of Habaek the water god, Jumong grew up to be the finest archer in Buyeo. When the sons of King Geumwa, jealous of him, sought his life, Jumong took his mother’s advice and left Buyeo with three friends.

Characters

JumongA master archer
born from an egg
YuhwaJumong’s mother.
She stayed in Buyeo
SongyangKing of neighboring Biryu.
His family had ruled for generations
Lady YeThe wife Jumong
married in Buyeo
YuriJumong’s son,
raised in Buyeo

The Bridge of Fish and Turtles

The founding of Goguryeo, as told in the Samguk Sagi and on the Gwanggaeto Stele

Buyeo soldiers with torches chased after Jumong.

Yuhwa, his motherGo far away
and do great things.
OiA friend who left with Jumong
OiIt’s a river!
There’s no bridge to cross!
JumongI am the son of the King of Heaven
and the grandson of Habaek!
My pursuers are almost upon me.
What am I to do?

Then fish and turtles rose in rows from the river and formed a bridge.

As soon as Jumong’s party had crossed, the fish and turtles scattered and vanished into the water.

Pursuing soldierThe bridge…
it’s gone!

The pursuing soldiers could only stamp their feet on the bank. They never got across the river.

According to the “Lay of King Dongmyeong,” after crossing the river, Jumong was resting under a great tree when he came upon a pair of doves. The doves were carrying barley seeds.

Mother has sent me barley seeds.

A few days later, at Modungok, three shabbily dressed men appeared before Jumong.

JaesaHemp clothesMugolQuilted robeMukgeoWater-plant robe
JumongJust as I set out to found a kingdom,
I have met three worthy men.
Heaven itself
has sent you!

Jumong granted the three men the surnames Geuk, Jungsil and Sosil, and gave each of them a task suited to his talents.

With the three men, south once more.

37 BCE.

Jumong was
twenty-two years old.

At last the party reached the Jolbon River.

JumongThe soil is rich,
and the mountains and rivers are rugged.
Here we will
make our capital!

With no time to build a palace, Jumong lived in a thatched hut by the Biryu River.

JumongThis kingdom shall
be called ‘Goguryeo’!
The royal surname shall be ‘Go’ (高),
which means ‘high’!

Hearing the news, people flocked in from all directions.

The gathered crowdThey said a new kingdom had risen,
and it’s true!

When the neighboring Malgal cast covetous eyes on the land, Jumong drove them off.

One day, Jumong saw vegetable leaves floating down the Biryu River.

JumongSomeone lives
upriver.

Following the river upstream, he came to the kingdom of Biryu. Its king, Songyang, came out to meet Jumong.

SongyangMy family has reigned here
as kings for generations.
This land is too small for two kings,
so you should serve under me.
JumongI am a descendant of the King of Heaven.
I am no man to
serve under anyone!

After a war of words, the two kings agreed to test their skill with the bow.

Songyang’s arrow failed to hit the navel of a painted deer set up less than a hundred paces away.

Jumong had a jade ring hung more than a hundred paces away, and shattered it with a single arrow.

SongyangWhat?! A jade ring
at a hundred paces…!

The following summer, Songyang surrendered his kingdom.

JumongI shall call this land ‘Damul-do.’
In our tongue, ‘damul’ means
that the old land has been regained.

Jumong let Songyang go on ruling that land.

The next spring, it is said, a yellow dragon appeared at Gollyeong, and in autumn, auspicious clouds.

In the autumn of 34 BCE, the walls and palace were finally built.

In the nineteen years of Jumong’s reign, Goguryeo spread out in every direction, over mountains and valleys.

Yalu RiverTumen RiverMt. Taebaek (Baekdu)Jumong’s routeJolbonCapital, 37 BCEDamul-doFormer Biryu · 36 BCEHaengin32 BCENorth Okjeo28 BCEGungnae FortressCapital from 3 CEBuyeoHanYellow SeaEast SeaDates: Samguk Sagi · Locations approximate

Jumong’s mother Yuhwa, who had stayed behind in Buyeo, died in East Buyeo.

GeumwaKing of East Buyeo
GeumwaYuhwa…
rest in peace.

King Geumwa buried Yuhwa with the rites due to a king’s mother, and even built her a shrine.

JumongKing of Goguryeo
YuhwaGo far away
and do great things.

In the fields where his mother’s seeds had ripened gold, the king gazed at the northern sky for a long time.

In the tenth month of that year, Jumong sent envoys to Buyeo with precious gifts to thank it for its kindness.

JumongThat kingdom tried to harm me,
but I must repay its kindness
in protecting my mother.

Around that time, in East Buyeo.

A boy was growing up without ever having seen his father’s face.

The boy’s name was Yuri.

Yuri liked to play in the street, shooting at sparrows.

YuriA boy growing up without a father
Woman drawing waterOh no, my water jar!
Fatherless brat!
No wonder you have no manners!
Oh my…!

It is said that Yuri shaped a pellet of clay, shot again, and plugged the hole perfectly.

Lady YeYuri’s mother
YuriMother, who is my father,
and where is he?
MotherYour father is no ordinary man.
He went south, founded a kingdom
and became its king.

On the night he left Buyeo, Jumong told his wife, who was carrying his child, that if she bore a son, she must be sure to pass on his words.

JumongI have hidden something under a pine
on a seven-cornered stone.
The child who finds it is my son.

Day after day, Yuri roamed the mountains and valleys in search of a seven-cornered stone and a pine tree.

YuriSo many angular stones,
so many pines…

But he found nothing.

One day, as Yuri sat on the wooden floor after coming home exhausted, he heard a sound from beneath a pillar.

YuriA sound…
from under the pillar?
YuriSeven…
corners?
On a seven-cornered stone…
a pine pillar!
YuriThe sword…
Father left behind.

When he dug beneath the pillar, out came a piece of a broken sword.

With three friends, Okji, Guchu and Dojo, Yuri set out for Jolbon, taking his mother with him.

Tucked inside his clothes, a single piece of a broken sword.

Arriving in Jolbon, Yuri knelt before the king and held up the piece of the sword in both hands.

JumongThat piece of a sword…
where did you get it?
YuriI found it beneath a pine pillar,
on a seven-cornered stone.

The king took a piece of a sword from inside his robe. When the two pieces were put together, they became a single sword.

JumongSo you…
are my son.
YuriFather…!

In the fourth month of that year, Jumong made Yuri crown prince.

But the days father and son spent together were few.

In the ninth month of that year,
Jumong died at the age of forty.

The Gwanggaeto Stele tells it this way: Heaven sent down a yellow dragon, and the king stood on its head and rose up to Heaven.

JumongYuri,
rule the kingdom with righteousness.
YuriCrown Prince

People called him ‘King Dongmyeong.’

According to the “Lay of King Dongmyeong,” Yuri buried the jade whip his father left behind at Yongsan.

JumongSo you…
are my son.

Five months.

That was all the time
father and son had together.

Five months earlier,
on the night Yuri became crown prince.
Two brothers on the city wall.

BiryuElder brotherOnjoYounger brother
BiryuSo this kingdom now…
belongs to Yuri.
OnjoBrother…

They were Biryu and Onjo, two princes who had grown up in Jolbon.

That night, the two brothers went to see their mother, Soseono.

Their story
will become another kingdom.

End of Episode 8

History Notes

The scenes in this story are based on these records and sites.

  1. Gwanggaeto SteleGwanggaeto Stele · Ji’an, Jilin Province, China

    King Chumo on the Gwanggaeto Stele

    This 6.39-meter-tall stele stands in Ji’an, Jilin Province, China. King Jangsu erected it in 414 to honor the achievements of his father, King Gwanggaeto the Great, and the inscription opens with the story of the founder, King Chumo, that is, Jumong. On the stele, King Chumo comes to the bank of a great river called the Eomni Daesu and crosses it after crying out, ‘For my sake, link the reeds and float the turtles!’ The Samguk Sagi calls this river the ‘Eomsasu’ and says fish and turtles formed a bridge, so the two accounts differ a little. At the end, as he rises to Heaven standing on the head of a yellow dragon, he tells his heir, King Yuryu (King Yuri), to govern the kingdom with righteousness.

    Gwanggaeto Stele
  2. Wunü Mountain (Wunü Mountain Fortress)Wunü Mountain · Huanren, Liaoning Province, China

    Jolbon and Wunü Mountain Fortress

    Jolbon, Goguryeo’s first capital, is thought to have been in the area of today’s Huanren, Liaoning Province, China. Wunü Mountain there is ringed mostly by sheer cliffs, and its summit, more than 800 meters above sea level, is flat. The Gwanggaeto Stele records that Jumong ‘built a fortress on the mountain west of Holbon and established his capital there,’ and many scholars believe that mountain is this one. In 2004, Wunü Mountain Fortress became a UNESCO World Heritage Site together with Gungnae Fortress, Hwando Mountain Fortress and the Goguryeo tombs.

    Gwanggaeto Stele
  3. Founding Stories That Differ from Record to Record

    The Samguk Sagi also records another version: the king of Jolbon Buyeo took Jumong as his son-in-law, and when the king died, Jumong succeeded him. ‘Goguryeo’ was also an old name for the people of this region; the Han dynasty’s Xuantu Commandery already had a ‘Goguryeo County.’

    Samguk Sagi, Goguryeo Annals · Book of Han, “Treatise on Geography”
  4. What More the “Lay of King Dongmyeong” Tells

    The “Lay of King Dongmyeong,” an epic poem written in 1193 by Yi Gyu-bo of Goryeo, tells many more scenes than the Samguk Sagi. That the two kings competed in archery and Songyang was no match is in the Samguk Sagi too, but the painted deer and the jade ring come from this poem. It also tells of clever tricks: the retainer Bu Bun-no secretly brought back Biryu’s drums and horn trumpets so the king could display proper majesty, and Jumong put up pillars of rotten wood to make his palace look old. Young Yuri plugging the hole in the water jar with a clay pellet and burying his father’s jade whip at Yongsan are also told in this poem.

    Yi Gyu-bo, “Lay of King Dongmyeong” · Samguk Sagi
  5. Damul: Regaining the Old Land

    When Songyang surrendered in 36 BCE, Jumong named his land Damul-do and let Songyang go on ruling it. ‘Damul’ meant regaining the old land in the Goguryeo language, so expanding the kingdom was seen not as ‘taking’ but as ‘taking back.’ Later, in 32 BCE, Oi and Bu Bun-no conquered the state of Haengin, southeast of Mount Taebaek, and in 28 BCE Bu Wi-yeom conquered North Okjeo, making both Goguryeo territory. In the 1920s, when Korea had lost its sovereignty, an independence movement group active in China was named the ‘Damuldan.’

    Samguk Sagi, Goguryeo Annals
  6. Corner of the Gungnae Fortress wallCorner of the Gungnae Fortress wall · Ji’an, Jilin Province, China

    King Yuri and Gungnae Fortress

    Yuri succeeded his father as Goguryeo’s second king, King Yuri. According to the Samguk Sagi, in 3 CE King Yuri moved the capital to Gungnae Fortress, in today’s Ji’an, Jilin Province, China. The stone wall in the photo is thought to have been rebuilt later. Gungnae Fortress remained the center of Goguryeo for more than 400 years, until King Jangsu moved the capital to Pyongyang in 427.

    Samguk Sagi, Goguryeo Annals
  7. The People of Goguryeo in the 3rd Century

    The Chinese history Records of the Three Kingdoms describes the life of the Goguryeo people around the 3rd century like this. With so many high mountains and deep valleys, good farmland was scarce, so every household carefully stored its grain in a small storehouse called a ‘bugyeong.’ In the tenth month, people from all over the kingdom gathered for ‘Dongmaeng,’ a great festival of rites to Heaven, and when a marriage was agreed, a small house called a ‘seook’ was built behind the bride’s home. The groom lived there, and only after their child had grown did he return to his own home with his wife.

    Records of the Three Kingdoms, Book of Wei, “Account of the Eastern Peoples”

Key Words of This Episode

Next episode

Episode 9 · Two Brothers Who Went South

Biryu, the elder, to Michuhol by the sea; Onjo, the younger, to Wiryeseong on the Han River. The two brothers chose different lands. The beginning of Baekje awaits.

Photo credits

All illustrations in this webtoon are original. Character names and dialogue are imaginative reconstructions based on historical facts and research. Dates and interpretations follow mainstream scholarship; where scholars disagree, the History Notes say so.