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Ep. 6The Last Year of Wanggeom Fortress
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Episode 6

The Last Year of Wanggeom Fortress

Fall of Gojoseon · 108 BCE
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Previously

After Wiman drove out King Jun and became king, Gojoseon grew strong through iron and rich by passing goods between Han and its neighbors. In the reign of Wiman’s grandson King Ugeo, the Han envoy She He, heading home empty-handed, killed Gojoseon’s Lesser King Jang, who had come to see him off, and fled. The spark of war had fallen.

Characters

YeoulThe heroine of this story.
Daughter of a smithy in Wanggeom Fortress
DadYeoul’s father.
A blacksmith who forges arrowheads
King UgeoKing of Gojoseon.
Grandson of Wiman
Crown PrinceSon of King Ugeo.
Goes to the Paesu River to make peace
SeonggiA minister of King Ugeo.
Defends the fortress to the end
Yang Pu and Xun ZhiTwo generals sent by Emperor Wu of Han.
They come by sea and by land

YeoulI’m Yeoul. My family has worked iron since the days of my great-grandfather Bau.

DadEach arrowhead
is a span of the wall.
Keep your hands moving.

Ever since Gojoseon’s troops had killed She He, the fires in every smithy of Wanggeom Fortress had burned through the night.

Emperor Wu of Han raised a great army, gathering even convicts, and sent it by two routes.

Yang PuGeneral of the Tower Ships · By seaXun ZhiGeneral of the Left · Overland from Liaodong

King Ugeo, too, sent troops to hold the rugged passes. But Yang Pu’s naval force of 7,000, coming by sea, reached Wanggeom Fortress first.

King Ugeo…Fewer than I expected.
Open the gates!
Go out and attack!
YeoulWe won!

Yang Pu’s army broke and scattered in all directions.

Yang Pu hid in the mountains for more than ten days before he managed to gather his scattered troops again.

Yang PuGeneral of the Tower Ships

Xun Zhi’s army, coming by land, could not break through the defenses on the Paesu River either.

The first round went to Gojoseon.

When the war did not go as he wished,

Emperor Wu of Han sent the envoy Wei Shan to win King Ugeo over.

Wei ShanEnvoy of Emperor Wu
King UgeoI only feared the two generals
would trick me and kill me.
Now that I have seen the emperor’s token,
I will submit.

King Ugeo agreed to send the crown prince to apologize and to offer 5,000 horses and provisions for the army.

The crown prince reached the Paesu River with 5,000 horses and more than 10,000 armed men.

Crown PrinceSon of King Ugeo
Envoy Wei ShanWhy would men who came to surrender
be carrying weapons?
Throw down your weapons
and come across!
Crown PrinceThe moment we lay down our arms,
will they kill us…?
Xun ZhiIf that host crosses the river…
won’t they start a revolt?

Unable to trust each other, the two sides never crossed the river.

And so the peace fell apart.

Emperor Wu of Han executed the envoy Wei Shan for his failure.

And then winter came.

Xun Zhi at last crossed the Paesu River and surrounded the northwest of the fortress, while Yang Pu surrounded the south.

YeoulDad, are all those lights
enemies?
Dad…Don’t count them.
Counting only makes you afraid.
Push the
ladders off!

Months went by, and the fortress did not fall. But one by one, the granaries inside were emptying.

YeoulEat. I already ate.

Some of Gojoseon’s ministers secretly let Yang Pu know that they wished to surrender. At that, Xun Zhi grew suspicious of Yang Pu.

General of the Left Xun ZhiYang Pu is going to side with Joseon
and attack us!
Gongsun Sui, the emperor’s envoySeize the General
of the Tower Ships!
Yang PuThe captured General of the Tower Ships

When Xun Zhi took command of both armies and pressed the attack, the ministers inside the fortress secretly put their heads together.

Minister NoinWe meant to surrender to Yang Pu at first,
but he has been arrested.
General Wang GyeopThe attacks grow fiercer by the day,
yet His Majesty will not surrender…
HaneumMinisterChamMinister of Nigye

Minister Noin, Minister Haneum and General Wang Gyeop secretly slipped out of the fortress and surrendered to Han.

Minister Noin died on the way.

Summer 108 BCE.

That night, the palace was silent.

Men sent by Cham, the Minister of Nigye, killed King Ugeo. Then Cham surrendered to Han.

The king was dead.
But Wanggeom Fortress had not yet fallen.

Minister SeonggiThe king is gone,
but Joseon is still here!
Hold the gates!

YeoulDad raised his hammer too. I shouted along with them.

Xun Zhi sent Jang, King Ugeo’s son, who had surrendered, and Choe, son of Minister Noin, to talk the people inside the fortress into giving up.

Jang, son of King UgeoGet rid of Seonggi,
and we will spare you all!
Open the gates!

It was not Han soldiers who struck Seonggi down. It was people from inside the same fortress.

DadEach arrowhead
is a span of the wall…

YeoulThat day, for the first time, I saw my father cry.

The gates opened. Han soldiers marched in behind their banners.

DadWhatever happens,
don’t let go of this.
It’s Grandfather Bau’s
hammer.

YeoulAt dawn a few days later, my family boarded a small boat.

And so Wanggeom Fortress, and Gojoseon, faded into the distance.

In 108 BCE, Gojoseon fell.

On its land, Han set up commanderies, Lelang Commandery among them.

YeoulWe boarded a ship heading south. I held my great-grandfather’s hammer tight against my chest.

MotherThey’ll need hands that can work iron
in the south too.

YeoulIn a seaside village in the south, my great-grandfather’s hammer sent sparks flying once more.

YeoulThis time, not arrowheads.
Let’s make sickles.

Gojoseon had fallen.

But what the people of Gojoseon had built did not disappear.

On the wide plains of the north, too,
new kingdoms were growing.

End of Episode 6

History Notes

The scenes in this story are based on these records and sites.

  1. The Source of the Story: the Records of the Grand Historian

    Most of this episode’s plot follows the “Account of Joseon” in Sima Qian’s Records of the Grand Historian. Sima Qian lived at the same time as this war, and he recorded it in detail, from Emperor Wu raising an army that even included convicts to the fall of Wanggeom Fortress. However, the name of the crown prince who went to the Paesu River is not given, so we cannot tell whether he was Jang, the son of King Ugeo who at the end urged the people of the fortress to give up.

    Records of the Grand Historian, “Account of Joseon”
  2. Seonggi, Who Fought to the End

    The Records of the Grand Historian says only that “as Wanggeom Fortress had not yet fallen, Ugeo’s minister Seonggi rose up again and attacked the officials.” Because the record was written from the Han side, it reads like a rebellion, but for the people of Gojoseon it was a last stand to defend their kingdom even after losing their king. Xun Zhi sent King Ugeo’s son Jang, who had surrendered, and Choe, son of Minister Noin, to persuade the people, and so Seonggi fell.

    Records of the Grand Historian, “Account of Joseon”
  3. A War No One Won

    The Gojoseon ministers who killed King Ugeo or surrendered were made marquises (nobles granted land by the emperor) by Han. The Han generals, on the other hand, were punished. Xun Zhi, the General of the Left, was executed in the marketplace for spoiling the campaign by quarreling over credit, and Yang Pu, the General of the Tower Ships, paid money to escape a death sentence and became a commoner. Gongsun Sui, who had arrested Yang Pu, and Wei Shan, who had wrecked the peace, were executed too. Sima Qian added that “both armies were disgraced, and not one of the commanders earned a marquisate for his merit.”

    Records of the Grand Historian, “Account of Joseon”
  4. The Four Han Commanderies

    On the former land of Gojoseon, Han set up the Lelang, Zhenfan and Lintun Commanderies, adding Xuantu Commandery the next year. The four together are often called the “Four Han Commanderies,” and these days also the “Han commanderies and counties.” But the resistance of the native people was fierce. Zhenfan and Lintun Commanderies were abolished in 82 BCE, and Xuantu Commandery was pushed westward in 75 BCE. Only Lelang Commandery lasted long, until Goguryeo drove it out in 313.

  5. From Eight Laws to Sixty

    According to the “Treatise on Geography” of the Book of Han, officials brought in from Liaodong and merchants passing through saw that the people did not lock their doors, and they stole at night. Customs grew harsher, and the laws, once eight articles, grew to more than 60. Where trust had broken, more laws filled the gap.

    Book of Han, “Treatise on Geography”
  6. Gold belt buckle from Tomb No. 9, Seogam-ri, PyongyangGold belt buckle from Tomb No. 9, Seogam-ri, Pyongyang · National Museum of Korea

    Where Was Wanggeom Fortress?

    Many scholars believe Wanggeom Fortress stood by the Taedong River in what is now Pyongyang, because large numbers of tombs and artifacts from the Lelang period have been found around an old earthen fortress in Nangnang District, south of the Taedong. This gold belt buckle (a National Treasure) from Tomb No. 9 at Seogam-ri, Pyongyang, is one of them: on a gold plate, large and small dragons are made with gold wire and tiny gold granules, and blue gems are set into it. Some, however, think Wanggeom Fortress and Lelang Commandery were in the Liaodong area, and opinions also differ on which river the Paesu was (the Yalu, the Cheongcheon and others).

  7. Those Who Went South

    The Samguk Sagi says that before Silla was founded, “displaced people of Joseon” lived scattered among the mountain valleys of the Gyeongju area and formed six villages. According to the Records of the Three Kingdoms, Book of Wei, “Account of the Eastern Peoples,” the land of Byeonhan in the south produced iron in abundance, which the Han (韓), the Ye and the Wa all came to buy, and in the markets iron was used just as money was used in China. In a tomb from around the 1st century BCE at Daho-ri in Changwon, South Gyeongsang Province, excavated by the National Museum of Korea in 1988, iron tools were found together with five lacquered writing brushes and a knife for scraping off and correcting writing on wood. It seems that by this time people in the south were already writing with brushes and trading with distant lands.

    Samguk Sagi, Silla Annals · Records of the Three Kingdoms, Book of Wei, “Account of the Eastern Peoples”

Key Words of This Episode

Next episode

Episode 7 · The Archer Born from an Egg

In the palace of East Buyeo in the north, Yuhwa, daughter of Habaek, touched by the sunlight, laid an egg. From that egg, which neither dogs nor pigs would eat, a child is born who never misses with a bow. The story of Jumong, as told by his mother Yuhwa.

Photo credits

All illustrations in this webtoon are original. Character names and dialogue are imaginative reconstructions based on historical facts and research. Dates and interpretations follow mainstream scholarship; where scholars disagree, the History Notes say so.