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Ep. 2Taking Root by the River
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Episode 2

Taking Root by the River

Neolithic Age · From about 10,000 years ago (c. 8000 BCE)
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🎧 It’s more vivid with sound.
Wind, campfire and river sounds change with every scene, and the music follows the story.
Previously

Long, long ago, the people of the Paleolithic Age followed the animals and gathered fruit, moving with the seasons. What protected them from the cold and the dark was fire. Then the long, long Ice Age came to an end: the ice melted, the seas rose, and the land grew warm.

Characters

DaraeThe hero of this story.
She dreams of the sea
GrandmaThe elder who
leads the group
MomA skilled
potter
DadFishes from
a dugout canoe
BeodeulDarae’s
best friend

When the Ice Age ended, forests grew thick across the Korean Peninsula.

Acorns ripened on the oaks, and the rivers and seas teemed with fish and shellfish.

And people began
to fire clay.

The west coast of Jeju. People still moved with the seasons, but they knew how to take pots out of the fire.

WomanThe clay has turned hard as stone!
ChildLook, it didn’t break!

Now they could cook their food. Tough roots and shellfish alike became a bowl of soup.

ChildWow, the clams opened up!

Thousands of years later.

A group of people stopped
by the Han River.

A band that had long wandered with the seasons reached a riverbank where water was close and fish were plentiful.

MomDad
DaraeGrandma, are we leaving again?
GrandmaNo. From now on, we put down roots here!

People dug hollows in the ground, raised posts, and covered them with roofs of reeds and grass.

DadDig deep, and it’ll be warm in winter.
DaraeWhat about
in summer?

Sunk halfway into the earth, a pit house was less cold in winter and less hot in summer.

DaraeIt’s our house!
GrandmaNo more worrying about wind and rain now.

A fire always burned in the hearth at the heart of the house.

Roll clay into long, thin coils and stack them up one by one, and you get a pot.

DaraeMom, why do we draw lines?
MomWell… we’ve drawn them like this since Grandma’s grandma’s time.

The pots, dried well in the sun, were placed in a wood fire to be fired.

DaraeWhat if my pot breaks?
DaraeLook, it didn’t break!
MomMy Darae, you’ve got quite the knack!

In autumn, the whole village went to the oak forest. Acorns were the food that would carry them through the long winter.

BeodeulDarae’s best friend
BeodeulI picked up more!
DaraeHmph, mine are bigger!
DaraeUgh, bitter!
MomThat’s why we soak them in water for days. Only when the bitter water is gone can we eat them.
DaraeThe bottom is pointy, so if you stick it in the sand it won’t tip over!

The plentiful acorns they gathered were stored in pots and in pits dug in the ground, and taken out to eat all winter long.

On winter nights, Mom spun thread with a spindle whorl, and Grandma mended nets with a bone needle.

DaraeGrandma, what’s that white bracelet?
GrandmaIt came from the sea.
GrandmaWhen I was little, I got it from a sea person who came up the river.
DaraeWhat does the sea look like?
They say it’s water so wide it has no end. Salty, and rolling…
GrandmaI’d like to see it once too, the sea…

That night, Darae dreamed of the sea.

The sea Darae dreamed of.

By that sea, too,
people had villages.

The people of the coast ate shellfish and threw the leftover shells in one spot.

The shells piled up and up until they became a shell mound.

Seaside childRawr! I’m a sea ghost!
FriendHa ha, what is that!

Now and then, visitors even came from a big island across the sea.

ChildLook at that stone! It’s shiny and black!
Visitor from across the seaLet’s trade this black stone for your shell bracelets.

The people of the east coast chased something bigger. They went out in dugout canoes to hunt whales.

HarpoonerA whale! Get in close!
BoatmanNow, throw!

People carved those stories into the rock, so they would never be erased.

Back to Darae’s village by the Han River.

That winter was unusually long.

DaraeGrandma, when spring comes, let’s go see the sea together.
GrandmaDarae… you see the sea for me.

Grandma never saw the spring.

Beside her they buried the shell bracelet Grandma had treasured, and a pot full of acorns.

DaraeGrandma, fly free all the way to the sea.

So that she would not go hungry in the next world.

GrandmaThey say it’s water so wide it has no end.

People believed that spirits dwelled in the sun and moon, and in rivers and great rocks.

A shaman, said to connect heaven and people, prayed that the grain would ripen well again this year.

DaraeIs Grandma watching from the moon, too?

In spring, they broke the soil with stone hoes and sowed seeds of grains like foxtail millet and barnyard millet.

DaraeThis tiny seed
really turns into grain?
MomOf course. If we only count on acorns, we’ll starve in a bad year.

Dad charred the inside of a big pine log with fire, then scraped it out with a sharpened stone adze.

DaraeCan we go all the way to the sea in this boat?
DadSure! When it’s done, we’ll go together.

Once they had the new boat, Dad and Uncle cast their nets into the river every dawn.

DadGot some! The net’s heavy!
DaraeWow, so many!

As summer passed, the millet heads turned golden and bowed.

DaraeGrandma, look! The seeds grew this much!

The harvested grain was placed on a grinding slab and ground fine with a grinding stone.

The villagers were one family, bound by blood. Everything they harvested, they shared.

Village elderLet’s share this year’s harvest equally among all the households.
DaraeNo going hungry this winter!

The village elder led the work, but ordered no one around.

Not yet did anyone
rule over anyone else.

When the autumn harvest was over, Dad took Darae in the new boat and went down the river.

DaraeAre we really going all the way to the sea?
DadSure. All rivers go to the sea.
DaraeGrandma, it’s the sea!
GrandmaThey say it’s water so wide it has no end.

It was the sea Grandma had longed so much to see.

Darae grew up, became a mother, and then a grandmother.

Darae’s granddaughter’s granddaughter’s granddaughter…

And so the river flowed on
for thousands of years.

GirlDarae’s descendant
GirlMom, why do we draw lines?
Girl’s motherWell… we’ve drawn them like this since Grandma’s grandma’s time.

Then one autumn, strangers came from the north.

GirlWhat… is that?

Something the man in front held up flashed in the sunlight.

Not stone, not wood, but something that shone like the sun.

The age of bronze was approaching.

The riverside people who fired clay, sowed seeds and dreamed of the sea.

From the day the shining blade appeared,
the world began to change.

End of Episode 2

History Notes

The scenes in this story are based on these records and sites.

  1. The Oldest Pottery: Gosan-ri, Jeju

    In May 1987, a local resident digging for soil at Gosan-ri, Jeju, found a stone spear and scrapers. Excavation revealed a place where people had stayed around 12,000 to 10,000 years ago, and it yielded Gosan-ri-type pottery, made of clay mixed with grass, which left burn marks when it was fired. This find pushed back the start of the Neolithic Age in Korea by more than 2,000 years. Later pottery developed into appliqué-relief pottery, decorated with added strips of clay, and comb-pattern pottery, incised with comb-like lines.

  2. Neolithic pottery found in BusanNeolithic pottery found in Busan · National Museum of Korea

    A Village Revealed by a Flood: Amsa-dong

    During the Great Flood of 1925, pieces of comb-pattern pottery came pouring out of a riverside sand dune washed away at Amsa-dong, Seoul. Comb-pattern pots often have pointed or rounded bottoms, which would have made them easy to stand in sandy ground or prop up, but no one yet knows why the patterns were drawn. The Amsa-dong site also yielded pit-house sites, charred acorns, net sinkers, grinding stones and slabs, and jade ornaments. Today there is a prehistoric site park with reconstructed pit houses and an exhibition hall.

  3. Beginning to Sow Seeds

    A Neolithic dwelling at Jitap-ri, Bongsan, in Hwanghae Province yielded charred foxtail millet, and Munam-ri in Goseong, Gangwon Province, yielded a field with ridges and furrows from around 3600–3000 BCE. When it was announced in 2012, the Munam-ri field was the first Neolithic field confirmed in East Asia. Still, farming was only part of the diet, so fishing, hunting and gathering went on; Osan-ri in Yangyang even yielded composite fishhooks, with a bone point tied to a stone shank. Because people used polished stone tools like stone hoes and polished axes, made by grinding stone, this age is called the Neolithic, the “New Stone Age.”

  4. An 8,000-Year-Old Dugout Canoe

    In late 2004, a Neolithic site appeared at a construction site for a drainage facility at Bibong-ri in Changnyeong, South Gyeongsang Province. The next year, deep underground, a boat was found that had been made by charring the inside of a pine log and scraping it out with stone tools. More than 3 meters of it survives, it was probably over 4 meters long originally, and it is about 8,000 years old. It is the oldest boat in Korea and one of the oldest in the world.

  5. Dongsam-dong shell mound site, BusanDongsam-dong shell mound site, Busan

    Black Stone from Across the Sea

    The Dongsam-dong shell mound in Yeongdo, Busan, preserves the daily life of Neolithic people on the south coast in layers of shells piled up over thousands of years. Thanks to the lime in the shells, animal bones and bone tools did not rot, and a shell mask with holes for the eyes and mouth was also found. Obsidian that seems to have been mined from volcanoes in Kyushu, Japan, turned up along with pottery used by people in Kyushu, showing that people crossed the sea in dugout canoes to exchange goods. As many as 1,500 shell bracelets made from bittersweet clams were found, which were probably goods traded with other places.

  6. Bangudae Petroglyphs, Daegok-ri, Ulsan (about 5 m high and 8 m wide)Bangudae Petroglyphs, Daegok-ri, Ulsan

    Bangudae, the Rock of Whales

    On a cliff nearly 5 meters high along the Bangucheon Stream in Ulsan, the Bangudae Petroglyphs show whales spouting water, a whale carrying its calf on its back, whales struck by harpoons and people in boats, as well as deer, tigers and wild boars. Opinions differ on when they were carved, from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age. But in 2010, a whale tailbone and shoulder blade with antler harpoon heads stuck in them were found at a Neolithic site in Hwangseong-dong, Ulsan, showing that Neolithic people really did hunt whales. In July 2025, together with the nearby Cheonjeon-ri Petroglyphs, they became a UNESCO World Heritage Site as the “Petroglyphs along the Bangucheon Stream.” Because they have been submerged and exposed again year after year, efforts to preserve them continue today.

  7. Gifts for the Departed

    A shell mound on Yeondaedo, a small island off Tongyeong in the South Sea, yielded graves from around 5000 BCE. One person wore an anklet strung with the teeth of dolphins, otters and raccoon dogs, and pottery, shell bracelets and fishhooks were found throughout the graves. People placed things the departed had treasured beside them. Neolithic people seem to have believed that spirits dwelled in the sun and moon, mountains and rivers, and great rocks, and to have honored the spirits of ancestors who had gone before.

Key Words of This Episode

Next episode

Episode 3 · The Dolmen Builders

Whoever had bronze had power. As grain piled up, the gap between rich and poor and fighting appeared, and at last came rulers powerful enough to raise giant stone tombs.

Photo credits

All illustrations in this webtoon are original. Character names and dialogue are imaginative reconstructions based on historical facts and research. Dates and interpretations follow mainstream scholarship; where scholars disagree, the History Notes say so.