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Ep. 1Keepers of the Fire
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Episode 1

Keepers of the Fire

Paleolithic Age · c. 700,000 – 10,000 years ago
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🎧 It’s more vivid with sound.
Wind, campfire and river sounds change with every scene, and the music follows the story.
Where the story begins

Long, long ago, people first came to live on the Korean Peninsula. Through those long ages without writing, kingdoms or farming, they survived by chipping stone into tools and keeping their fire alive. This story begins with a single stone they left behind.

Characters

HawkeyeOur hero.
A sharp-eyed child
Big HandA hunter skilled
with stone
GrannyThe band’s elder,
keeper of the fire
Greg BowenThe US soldier who
recognized a hand axe
by the Hantan in 1978

1978, by the Hantan River in Yeoncheon. On his day off, an American soldier was strolling along the riverbank with his girlfriend.

Greg BowenA US soldier who had studied archaeology
BowenWait…
look at this stone.
GirlfriendIsn’t it just
a rock?
BowenNo. Someone broke this
stone on purpose.

A stone given an edge by striking flakes from both faces in turn. It was a hand axe, made by people hundreds of thousands of years ago.

Until then, scholars around the world believed this:

There are no hand axes
in East Asia.

In the 1940s, the American archaeologist Movius drew this line on the map. People east of it, he argued, used only crude choppers.

Movius LineHand-axe culturesAfrica · Europe · West Asia · IndiaChopper culturesEast Asia · Southeast Asia1978 · Jeongok-ri, YeoncheonHand axe found!

But in 1978, a single stone from the Hantan River shook that belief.

Who was the last person to hold this stone?

What did they look like, what did they eat, how did they spend their nights?

Let’s go back in time
to meet them.

The land you are standing on right now: the Korean Peninsula.
Let’s turn back the clock.
This is where the story begins.
2026
Scroll to rewind time ↓

People began living on the Korean Peninsula about 700,000 years ago.

The people we are about to meet came long after that: a small band roaming the banks of the Hantan River.

HawkeyeI’m Hawkeye. No one in our band sees farther than I do.

We never stay in one place. We walk where the deer herds go and where the fruit ripens.

We settled on a hill by the river. The grown-ups wove branches together and covered them with hides, and soon a shelter stood.

Big HandA hunter skilled with stoneHawkeyeMe
GrannyHawkeye, go fetch water.
I’ll mind the fire.
Big HandStone has a grain too.
Listen for where it wants to split.

When Uncle Big Hand struck the stone with another stone, a flake broke away and left a sharp edge.

HawkeyeAh…!
It broke again.
Big HandHit it just anywhere and it breaks.
Again!
HawkeyeI did it…!
I made it myself!
Big HandNow you can hear
what the stone says, too.

Stone shaped by striking and flaking: chipped stone tools. Paleolithic people always had stones like this in hand.

HawkeyeCutting meat,
chopping wood,
digging roots,
skinning hides!

The hunt doesn’t always go well. What fills our bellies more often is the forest Granny knows.

HawkeyeGranny, can I eat
this one too?
GrannyNo! It’ll turn your stomach inside out.
The prettier the color, the more careful you must be.

Dawn. Through the mist, a deer raises its head.

HawkeyeOver there…
a deer.
Big HandShh…
Keep the wind at your back. Slowly.

No one hunts alone. Someone drives the game, someone waits, and everyone throws together.

Just then, the reeds parted.

Big HandGet down!!

In those days, animals that no longer exist lived on the Korean Peninsula.

Two-horned rhinoA rhinoceros with two hornsCave hyena
Big HandThat’s the two-horned one.
Never go after that beast.

That evening, the whole band laughed.

HawkeyeMeat!
We have meat today!

The meat is shared equally: by the one who caught the most, by Granny who couldn’t hunt, and by the little ones.

GrannyHere, this is yours.

No one gives orders in our band. We listen to the elders who know the most, and we all work together. That’s all.

Nothing of a deer goes to waste. The meat is dried, the marrow sucked out, and the antlers and bones become tools.

Big HandScrape every bit of fat off the inside,
or the hide will rot.

Well-dried hides become clothing, bedding, and the roofs of our shelters.

When the sun goes down, the cold bares its teeth. But we have fire.

GrannyWe must never let the fire die.
Fire is our life.

In the middle of the night, a blizzard swept into the cave.

HawkeyeThe fire…
the fire’s going out!
GrannyDry moss…
quickly.

Just then, a huge shadow appeared at the mouth of the cave.

HawkeyeG-Granny…!
GrannyRaise the fire!

The bear backed away from the firelight. That day I learned that fire gives us more than warmth.

The years went by.

I grew up and became a hunter, and Granny grew very old.

One winter, Granny could no longer get up.

GrannyFrom now on, the fire…
you must keep it.
HawkeyeGranny…
GrannyFire is our life.

That winter, Granny set out on the long journey. Now I am the one who keeps the fire.

On the morning we leave for new land, I place the embers wrapped in moss into a child’s two hands.

HawkeyeWe must never let the fire die.
Fire is our life.

The words Granny once said to me, I now pass on to the child.

We set out on the road again, following the deer herds and the ripening fruit.

At the hearth, one worn-out hand axe was left behind.

And so countless generations passed.

Cold times and warm times came and went again and again,

and people’s stones grew ever smaller and sharper.

A night at Suyanggae on the Namhan River. Someone was carving lines into a stone, one at a time.

ChildWhy are you making lines?
The carverSo I won’t forget.

What they were counting, we may never know.

About 20,000 years ago, at the coldest point of the Ice Age.

The sea was more than 100 meters lower than today. The floor of today’s Yellow Sea was a vast plain.

HunterIf you keep walking toward the sunset,
you’ll reach a great land.

About 10,000 years ago, the long Ice Age ended. As the ice melted, the sea rose.

The elderWhen I was little…
all of that was grassland.
ChildThe sea keeps
coming up.
The elderWe must never let the fire die.
Fire is our life.

The sea swallowed the plain. The Yellow Sea was born, and the Korean Peninsula began to take on the shape it has today.

As the cold retreated, forests grew thick and the rivers teemed with fish.

People’s lives, too, were getting ready to change.

One day, someone shaped mud from the riverbank and put it in the fire.

A new age was coming.

HawkeyeI did it…! I made it myself!

1978, by the Hantan River. A stone that had lain buried for hundreds of thousands of years was held in a human hand once more.

The Paleolithic Age, lasting nearly 700,000 years,

made up almost 99 percent of the time
people have lived on the Korean Peninsula.

Through those long ages without writing, kingdoms or farming, people survived by chipping stone and keeping their fire alive.

End of Episode 1

History Notes

The scenes in this story are based on these records and sites.

  1. A Single Stone from the Hantan River

    In 1978, Greg Bowen, a soldier at the US Army base in Dongducheon, was walking with his girlfriend along the Hantan River at Jeongok-ri, Yeoncheon, when he noticed an unusual stone. Accounts differ slightly on the month and on who picked it up first. Bowen had studied archaeology in college, and his careful report reached the famous French Paleolithic scholar François Bordes, and through him Professor Kim Won-yong of Seoul National University. The first excavation the following year, 1979, turned up hand axes, choppers and scrapers, and showed that the whole hill had been a workshop for ancient people. The site was designated a national historic site that same year.

    Jeongok Prehistory Museum
  2. Hand axe at the Jeongok Prehistory MuseumHand axe at the Jeongok Prehistory Museum

    The Movius Theory Is Shaken

    In the 1940s, the American archaeologist Hallam Movius argued that hand axes worked evenly on both faces existed only in Africa, Europe, West Asia and India, while East Asia had only simple choppers. When such Acheulean-type hand axes turned up at Jeongok-ri, the theory had to be reconsidered. Today you can see the hand axes for yourself at the Jeongok Prehistory Museum, right next to the site.

  3. What “About 700,000 Years Ago” Means

    The age of Paleolithic sites is measured from soil layers, basalt and volcanic ash, charcoal and the like, so it always comes with an “about,” and the range varies from scholar to scholar. The view that people began living on the Korean Peninsula about 700,000 years ago rests on sites such as the oldest layers of Geumgul Cave in Danyang. But the age of those layers was estimated by comparing stone tools, animal bones and soil layers, and some scholars think it is too early. At Jeongok-ri, too, the basalt underground flowed about 500,000 years ago, and recent research dates the lowest artifact layer to at least 200,000 years ago.

    Jeongok Prehistory Museum · Geumgul Cave site, Danyang
  4. Paleolithic Sites Across the Peninsula

    The first one reported was Donggwanjin, in Jongseong on the Tumen River, in 1935. After liberation, North Korea’s first Paleolithic excavation took place at Gulpo-ri in Unggi in 1962–63, and in 1964 a team led by Professor Sohn Pow-key of Yonsei University began digging at Seokjang-ri in Gongju. A Paleolithic dwelling at Seokjang-ri yielded a hearth, charcoal, human hair and animal fur, and dating the charcoal showed the house was more than 20,000 years old.

    Seokjang-ri site, Gongju
  5. What the Bones Tell Us

    Durubong Cave in Cheongju yielded the bones of more than 40 species, including two-horned rhinoceroses, cave hyenas, ancient elephants, cave bears, large macaques and lions, and Donggwanjin on the Tumen River yielded the bones of woolly mammoths. Human bones from the Paleolithic have been found at Yeokpo and Mandal-ri near Pyongyang, Seungnisan Cave in Deokcheon, and the Sangsi rock shelter in Danyang. A child’s skeleton from Durubong Cave known as the “Heungsu Child” was said to show a Paleolithic funeral because chrysanthemum pollen had been scattered beside it, but later radiocarbon dating gave a much more recent age, and it is still debated.

    Durubong Cave site, Cheongju
  6. Suyanggae, a Giant Stone Workshop

    In the summer of 1980, scholars surveying land soon to be flooded by the Chungju Dam found a large Paleolithic site at Suyanggae in Danyang, on the Namhan River. It yielded more than 200 cores from which microblades had been struck, and about 50 spots where stone tools were made. Toward the end of the Paleolithic, people used small, sharp tools such as tanged points, fitted onto shafts, and microblades 3–5 centimeters long. In 2014 a stone was found with more than twenty lines carved 0.4 centimeters apart; scholars cautiously suggest it may be a record of numbers in symbols.

    Suyanggae site, Danyang
  7. The Ice Age and the Sea

    During the Paleolithic, bitterly cold glacial periods and somewhat warmer interglacial periods alternated many times. In the cold periods, water evaporated from the sea fell as snow that never melted and piled up as ice, so the sea level dropped. About 20,000 years ago, at the coldest point, the sea was more than 100 meters lower than today, and you could have walked from the waters off today’s Incheon all the way to the Shandong Peninsula. When the Ice Age ended about 10,000 years ago, the sea rose and the Yellow Sea was formed.

Key Words of This Episode

Next episode

Episode 2 · Taking Root by the River

The Ice Age is over, and the Korean Peninsula grows warm. At last, people begin to settle in one place. The story of people who shape pots from clay, sow seeds and build pit houses.

Photo credits

All illustrations in this webtoon are original. Character names and dialogue are imaginative reconstructions based on historical facts and research. Dates and interpretations follow mainstream scholarship; where scholars disagree, the History Notes say so.