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Ep. 16Eulbul the Salt Seller
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Episode 16

Eulbul the Salt Seller

King Micheon of Goguryeo · 300
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Previously

King Gogukcheon made Eul Pa-so, a farmer, his Guksang, and when famine struck in 194, he created a law that lent out the state’s grain in spring and collected it once the autumn harvest was over. About a hundred years later, a suspicious king took the throne of Goguryeo.

Characters

EulbulNephew of King Bongsang.
The hero of this story
King BongsangKing of Goguryeo.
A suspicious man
EummoA man of Susil Village.
He works Eulbul as his servant
JaemoA man of Dongchon.
He sells salt with Eulbul
Old womanA woman of Sasu Village.
She covets Eulbul’s salt
Chang Jo-riGuksang of Goguryeo.
He speaks frankly to the king

In 292, King Bongsang, the new king of Goguryeo, killed his uncle Dalga, Lord Anguk. The reason: his achievements were great, and the people looked up to him.

King BongsangKing of Goguryeo
CommonerIf not for Lord Anguk, how would we ever have escaped the Sushen raids…
DolgoKing Bongsang’s younger brotherEulbulDolgo’s son
DolgoThe king suspects me.
Go, Eulbul.
Survive, whatever it takes.

In the autumn of 293, claiming that his younger brother Dolgo harbored treacherous designs, the king ordered him to die.

EulbulFather…

Fearing for his life, Eulbul fled into the countryside. People mourned Dolgo, who had died for no crime.

Eulbul became a servant to Eummo, a man of Susil Village.

EummoA man of Susil Village
EummoI won’t ask where you rolled in from.
But you’ll work double for your keep.

Eummo had no idea who he was.

EummoI can’t sleep
with those frogs!
Throw stones all night if you must,
just shut them up!

Whenever the frogs croaked in the marsh beside the house, Eummo made Eulbul throw tile shards and stones at night to silence them.

DolgoSurvive, whatever it takes.

When the frogs fell silent, Eulbul was left alone at the edge of the marsh.

EummoWho said you could rest?!
Go get another load!

By day, he made him gather firewood and never let him rest even for a moment.

Unable to bear the grueling work any longer, Eulbul left that house after a year.

After that, Eulbul met Jaemo, a man of Dongchon, and the two went into the salt trade together.

JaemoSay, how’d you like to try selling salt?

The two loaded salt onto a boat and followed the river to Amnok.

EulbulThe river breeze feels good.
JaemoFor a salt seller, the river is the road,
and the wind is our bread.

Eulbul lodged at a house in Sasu Village, east of the river. When the old woman of the house asked for salt, he gave her about a peck.

Old womanOwner of the house
Old womanJust a little more, won’t you?
EulbulThis salt is for selling.
I can’t give you any more.

Bearing a grudge, the old woman secretly slipped one of her shoes into Eulbul’s salt sack.

The old woman chased after Eulbul as he set off with his salt, insisting that he had hidden her shoe.

Old womanThief!
He stole my shoe!
EulbulWh-what are you talking about?

The old woman reported Eulbul to the county official.

AmnokjaeCounty official of Amnok
AmnokjaeThe salt goes to the old woman!
Flog this fellow and throw him out!

Amnokjae took the salt as the price of the shoe and gave it to the old woman, then had Eulbul flogged and driven out.

DolgoSurvive, whatever it takes.

His face was gaunt and his clothes were in tatters; no one recognized him as the grandson of a king.

In the autumn of 298, frost and hail killed the crops, and the people went hungry.

Even so, King Bongsang built his palace bigger and more splendid.

And he sent men out
to find Eulbul and kill him.

King’s soldierWe seek Eulbul, son of Dolgo!
Has anyone seen him?!
…Just some beggar of a salt seller.

No one recognized him. The king’s men never found Eulbul.

In 300, no rain fell from the 2nd month of spring to the 7th month of autumn. It was a terrible famine year.

In the 8th month, the king called up every man and woman in the kingdom aged fifteen or older.

All to repair his palace.

Worn down by forced labor with nothing to eat, the people abandoned their homes one by one and took to wandering.

OverseerPull harder!
That pillar goes up before sundown!

As disasters from Heaven followed one after another, the Guksang Chang Jo-ri went before the king and spoke:

Chang Jo-riGuksang (chief minister)
Chang Jo-riLoading starving people with timber and stone
is not how a parent of the people should act.
King BongsangWithout a grand palace,
a king has no majesty!
Chang Jo-riA king who does not care for his people is not benevolent,
and a minister who does not admonish him is not loyal.
King BongsangDoes the Guksang wish
to die for the people?

Chang Jo-ri and the other officials agreed to depose the king.

JobulFrom the Northern DivisionSouFrom the Eastern Division

First, they sent Jobul of the Northern Division and Sou of the Eastern Division to search the mountains and fields for Eulbul.

When they reached the Biryu River, a man on a boat caught their eye.

SouThat’s him…!

He was terribly thin, but his bearing was no ordinary man’s.

SouThe present king is wicked,
and his ministers secretly plan to depose him.
We hear Your Highness is frugal and kind,
so we have come for you.
EulbulI am a man of the fields,
not a royal grandson.
Please look into it again.
SouThe king has already lost the people’s hearts.
The ministers are waiting for you.
Have no doubt.

At last Eulbul went with them. Chang Jo-ri was overjoyed, and hid him where no one would know.

In the 9th month of autumn, 300, King Bongsang went hunting north of Mount Husan. The Guksang Chang Jo-ri went with the king.

Chang Jo-riWhoever is of one mind with me,
do as I do.

Chang Jo-ri broke off a reed leaf and stuck it in his cap.

One by one, they put in reed leaves. All were of one mind.

Knowing that all were of one mind, Chang Jo-ri at last deposed the king.

King BongsangInsolence!
Do you know who I am?!

The king was confined in a separate chamber, with soldiers guarding it all around.

Knowing there was no escape, the imprisoned King Bongsang took his own life.

His two sons died with him.

The officials welcomed the royal grandson Eulbul and presented him with the royal seal.

King Micheon, the fifteenth king of Goguryeo, took the throne.

DolgoSurvive, whatever it takes.

The hands that had thrown stones into the croaking marsh and carried sacks of salt now held the royal seal.

Yalu RiverTaedong RiverGoguryeoMurong tribe(Xianbei)LiaodongYellow SeaEast SeaGungnae FortressToday’s Ji’an, ChinaXuantu Commandery302Xi’anping311Lelang Commandery313Daifang Commandery314Dates: Samguk Sagi · Locations approximate (estimated)

Now king, Eulbul attacked one by one the Chinese commanderies and counties that surrounded Goguryeo. In 302 he struck Xuantu Commandery and took 8,000 captives.

In 311, the Goguryeo army seized Xi’anping at the mouth of the Yalu River.

JaemoThe river is the road, and the wind is our bread.
King MicheonThis river is now
Goguryeo’s road.

Xi’anping stood on the route from Liaodong to Lelang.

In the 10th month, winter, 313, King Micheon attacked Lelang Commandery.

The Goguryeo army captured more than 2,000 men and women of Lelang.

Lelang Commandery, set up by Han in 108 BCE where Gojoseon had fallen.

More than 420 years later,

Lelang Commandery at last
vanished from the Korean Peninsula.

The following year, 314, Goguryeo also attacked Daifang Commandery to the south.

EummoI can’t sleep with those frogs!
AttendantYour Majesty, shall I
chase off the frogs?
King Micheon…Leave them be.
Let them sing.

For a long time, the king listened to the frogs.

In the 2nd month of spring, 331, King Micheon passed away.

The people buried the king on the plain of Micheon (Micheon-won) and called him “King Micheon.”

Back in 296, Murong Hui of the Xianbei in the west had invaded and tried to dig up the tomb of the king’s grandfather, King Seocheon.

But music was heard from inside the tomb, it is said, and they took fright and withdrew.

Eleven years after the king’s death, the great army of Former Yan, founded by Murong Hui’s son Murong Huang, would invade Goguryeo.

In the winter of 342,
King Micheon’s tomb would be dug up.

End of Episode 16

History Notes

The scenes in this story are based on these records and sites.

  1. Eulbul’s Wandering Years in the Samguk Sagi

    Eulbul’s story appears at the beginning of the King Micheon section of the Samguk Sagi’s Goguryeo Annals. When his father Dolgo was killed, Eulbul fled into the countryside and worked as a servant in the house of Eummo in Susil Village. At night he threw tile shards and stones to keep the frogs in the marsh from croaking, and by day he gathered firewood without rest, until he left after a year. After that he sold salt with Jaemo, a man of Dongchon, until he fell for a trick by an old woman of Sasu Village and was flogged; people did not recognize the thin, ragged man as a royal grandson. From hired servants to salt sellers traveling by boat to the county official called “jae” (宰), it is a record that offers a glimpse of how people lived in 3rd-century Goguryeo.

    Samguk Sagi, Goguryeo Annals, King Micheon
  2. King Bongsang and Chang Jo-ri

    Out of suspicion, King Bongsang killed his uncle Dalga, Lord Anguk, in 292, and his younger brother Dolgo in 293. In 298, when frost and hail left the people starving, he enlarged his palace, and in 300, even though a drought from spring to autumn had caused terrible hunger, he called up every man and woman aged fifteen or older to repair the palace. The Guksang Chang Jo-ri tried to stop him, saying, “If a king does not care for his people, he is not benevolent; if a minister does not admonish his king, he is not loyal,” but the king only laughed at him. In the 9th month of that year, at the hunting grounds north of Mount Husan, Chang Jo-ri stuck a reed leaf in his cap, everyone followed suit, and the officials deposed the king.

    Samguk Sagi, Goguryeo Annals, King Bongsang and King Micheon
  3. “Hunting Scene” mural, Muyongchong Tomb“Hunting Scene” mural, Muyongchong Tomb (Ji’an, China)

    Goguryeo people hunting

    The people of Goguryeo loved to hunt on horseback with bows. Hunting was both military training and a great event shared by the king and his officials, so the Samguk Sagi often records kings going out to hunt. The “Hunting Scene” mural in the Muyongchong Tomb in Ji’an, China, shows Goguryeo people galloping on horseback and turning in the saddle to shoot. Chang Jo-ri probably chose the hunting grounds as the place to oust the king because it was a time when many officials and soldiers gathered in one place to accompany him.

    Muyongchong Tomb mural · Samguk Sagi, Goguryeo Annals
  4. Salt and Rivers

    Salt, which comes from the sea, was both essential and precious to people living in mountain valleys far from the sea. The Records of the Three Kingdoms, Book of Wei, “Account of the Eastern Peoples,” relates that Goguryeo collected salt and fish from Okjeo on the east coast and had them carried a thousand li on people’s backs (Episode 12). Eulbul loaded salt onto a boat with Jaemo and reached Amnok, and he earned the old woman’s grudge when, after giving her about a peck of salt, he would not give her more. This short story captures a picture of 3rd-century Goguryeo, where salt traveled up and down the rivers.

    Samguk Sagi, Goguryeo Annals, King Micheon · Records of the Three Kingdoms, Book of Wei, “Account of the Eastern Peoples”
  5. Xi’anping, the Gateway at the Mouth of the Yalu

    Xi’anping was a county belonging to Liaodong Commandery, thought to have been at the mouth of the Yalu River near Jiuliancheng in present-day Dandong, Liaoning Province, China. Goguryeo attacked it in 146 under King Taejo, killing the magistrate of Daifang and capturing the wife and children of the Grand Administrator of Lelang, and attacked it again in 242 under King Dongcheon. Many scholars believe that when King Micheon finally took Xi’anping in 311, the route between Liaodong and Lelang and Daifang was cut.

    Samguk Sagi, Goguryeo Annals · Encyclopedia of Korean Culture
  6. Gold belt buckle from Tomb No. 9, Seogam-ri, PyongyangGold belt buckle from Tomb No. 9, Seogam-ri, Pyongyang · National Museum of Korea

    The End of Lelang Commandery, 313

    Lelang Commandery (Episode 6), set up by Han after it destroyed Gojoseon in 108 BCE, lasted more than 400 years. The Samguk Sagi records that in the 10th month of 313, King Micheon attacked Lelang Commandery and captured more than 2,000 men and women. The Chinese history Zizhi Tongjian relates that in that same year Zhang Tong, who held Lelang and Daifang and fought Goguryeo year after year, left with more than 1,000 households of his people to join Murong Hui, who set up a new Lelang Commandery for them. Many see the Lelang Earthen Fortress, south of the Taedong River in Pyongyang, as the commandery’s center, and the tombs around it have yielded splendid artifacts like this gold belt buckle.

    Samguk Sagi, Goguryeo Annals, King Micheon · Zizhi Tongjian
  7. King Micheon’s Tomb, and the Imagined Scenes

    King Micheon died in the 2nd month of 331 and was buried on “the plain of Micheon” (美川之原). Many identify the Seodaemyo Tomb (Maxiangou Tomb No. 500) in Ji’an, China, as King Micheon’s tomb. It is a large stone-mound tomb built up in steps, but its center has been dug out deep and the burial chamber is gone, which is why it is linked with Former Yan’s plundering of the tomb in 342. Some also argue that Anak Tomb No. 3 in Hwanghae Province is the tomb where King Micheon was reburied. Meanwhile, Dolgo’s last words to his son, the run-in with soldiers at the ferry landing, and the old king letting the frogs croak are not in the records; they are imagined scenes. Xi’anping was attacked in 311 by a general the king sent, but this episode shows the king himself standing at the river’s mouth.

    Samguk Sagi, Goguryeo Annals, King Micheon · Excavation survey of the Seodaemyo Tomb

Key Words of This Episode

Next episode

Episode 17 · A Fallen King, a Kingdom Rebuilt

In the winter of 342, the great army of Former Yan fell upon Hwando Fortress. King Gogugwon fled alone on horseback, and the tomb of his father, King Micheon, was dug open. The story of a fallen father, King Gogugwon, and his son King Sosurim, who rebuilt the shattered kingdom.

Photo credits

All illustrations in this webtoon are original. Character names and dialogue are imaginative reconstructions based on historical facts and research. Dates and interpretations follow mainstream scholarship; where scholars disagree, the History Notes say so.