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Ep. 3The Dolmen Builders
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Episode 3

The Dolmen Builders

Bronze Age · From about 2000–1500 BCE
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Wind, campfire and river sounds change with every scene, and the music follows the story.
Previously

The people of Darae’s village, rooted by the river, shaped pots from clay, sowed seeds, and paddled dugout canoes up and down the rivers and seas. One autumn, thousands of years later, strangers from the north came to the village where Darae’s distant descendants lived. The blade raised by the man in front was not stone or wood, but a metal that shone like the sun.

Characters

NuriThe hero of this story.
A child of the hill village
DadNuri’s father.
A farmer who plows the fields
GrandmaNuri’s grandmother.
She knows the old tales
ChieftainMaster of the big storehouse.
Becomes the village leader
PriestAn old man who offers rites
to the sun and the sky

That metal, bronze, came from the north

and spread across the Korean Peninsula over many long years.

The Bronze Age had begun.

NuriI’m Nuri. Our village sits on a hill overlooking the river.

A ditch and a wooden fence ran around the village. Down by the water at the foot of the hill were paddies divided into small plots.

NuriThe hero of this story

When spring came, Dad stepped on his ttabi foot plow to turn over the field.

DadTurn the soil deep, and the grain will put down strong roots.
GrandmaNuri’s grandmother
NuriGrandma, is it true pots used to have pointed bottoms?
GrandmaThat’s right. These days our floors are flat,
so flat-bottomed pots work better.

In autumn, the rice ripened golden in the low, flooded land.

NuriDad, why is that house’s storehouse so much bigger?
DadShh. That family has lots of land,
and lots of people working for them.

They threaded a cord through a half-moon stone knife, hung it on the hand, and picked only the ripe heads, one by one.

Master of the big storehouseStack it higher! We’ll run out of storehouse again this year.
GrandmaLong, long ago, they say,
no one ordered anyone around…

Houses with grain to spare, and houses without enough. High and low were appearing among people.

Around that time, in Nuri’s village too,

the fire for melting bronze blazed up.

NuriThat day, for the first time, I saw bronze being poured.

Bronze smithA worker of bronze

Bronze, made by melting copper with metals like tin, was precious. Not just anyone could have the materials, or the skill to melt them.

Bronze smithThis dagger is for the master of the big storehouse.
NuriIt shines…
like the sun!

Whoever had bronze was the one who had power.

As grain piled up, people came to steal it.

SentryEnemies! Everyone up!
Master of the big storehouseGet back!
I will defend this village!
DadHeld the line with his spear

Because the master of the big storehouse led the fight, the village kept its grain.

NuriDad!
DadI’m all right…
we were lucky it wasn’t worse.
ChieftainWe are the children of Heaven!
Heaven protects us!

He who led the fight now ruled over more land and more people. A leader like this is called a chieftain.

NuriThat day, for the first time, I saw my father bow his head to someone.

On the chieftain’s orders, people dug the ditch around the village (the moat) deeper and drove the wooden fence (the palisade) in tighter.

DadNext time, they mustn’t
get past that ditch.
PriestNuri,
what does this look like?
NuriCircles inside circles… it’s the sun!

Carving the sun into the rock, people prayed for a good harvest.

On the day of the rite, the chieftain held his bronze mirror high to catch the sun.

The people bowed down and dared not raise their eyes.

Before the flashing mirror, people believed the chieftain truly spoke with Heaven.

NuriThe sun… came down into the chieftain’s hands…
GrandmaShh! Bow your head.

One autumn, chieftains from neighboring villages gathered in Nuri’s village.

Bear tribe chieftainIf we each fight alone, we only grow weaker.
Tiger tribe chieftainLet us become one people under Heaven.

Villages became tribes, and tribes joined together into ever larger groups.

Years went by, and the old chieftain passed away.

For him, the people decided to build
a tomb like none anyone had ever seen.

First, they split off a rock on the mountain to use as the capstone.

NuriNow a young man
Quarry masterDrive a wedge in every hole
and pour on the water!
When the wood swells,
the rock will split.

They laid the old chieftain in the burial chamber between the support stones, and placed the things he had treasured beside him.

PriestReturn to Heaven…

A bronze dagger, a polished stone dagger, red burnished pottery, jade beads.

They set the split rock on logs, and countless people pulled on the ropes.

New chieftainSon of the old chieftain

The power to bring this many people together: that was the chieftain’s power.

DadKeep in step, Nuri!
NuriHeave-ho!

And on top, the capstone came to rest.

When the earth ramp was cleared away, the dolmen appeared at last.

GrandmaLong, long ago, they say, no one ordered anyone around…

On the night the tomb was finished, the old priest called the children together.

PriestListen well.
Long, long ago,
the King of Heaven
had a son…

Stories like this must have changed little by little as they passed from mouth to mouth.

A bear and a tiger, and
the tale of one who came down from Heaven.

The story of Korea’s first kingdom is about to begin.

End of Episode 3

History Notes

The scenes in this story are based on these records and sites.

  1. Slender bronze daggers (Korean-style bronze daggers)Slender bronze daggers · National Museum of Korea

    A Dagger Shaped like a Lute

    The signature weapon of the Bronze Age is the mandolin-shaped bronze dagger, named for the lower part of its blade, which bulges like the bipa, an old lute. These daggers are found mainly in China’s Liaoning region and on the Korean Peninsula, giving us a sense of how far Gojoseon culture reached. Over time the dagger changed into the slender Korean-style bronze dagger seen in the photo, widely made on the Korean Peninsula from the late Bronze Age into the early Iron Age. Many scholars believe the mandolin-shaped daggers found on the peninsula were made here, because stone molds for casting bronze spears and axes are found alongside them. The scene of a dagger being cast in Nuri’s village is imagined on that basis.

  2. Rice Farming and Half-Moon Stone Knives

    Farming at this time centered on dry fields growing foxtail millet, barley, beans and sorghum, and in low land that could be flooded, rice farming began too. Dwellings and storage pits at Songguk-ri in Buyeo, South Chungcheong Province, yielded charred rice along with foxtail millet, broomcorn millet, soybeans, red beans and wheat, and paddies of this period divided into small plots were excavated at Okhyeon in Mugeo-dong, Ulsan. Grain was harvested by picking only the heads with a half-moon stone knife, held by a cord threaded through two holes. Precious bronze went mostly into weapons and ritual objects; tools for the fields were still made of stone and wood.

  3. A Bronze Object Showing a Man Plowing

    The spring plowing scene is modeled on a palm-sized bronze object with farming scenes, said to have come from Daejeon. A man with a long feather in his hair plows with a ttabi, another raises a hoe, and a third puts something into a jar. On the back, birds sit at the tips of a forked branch, which calls to mind today’s sotdae bird poles. Dating from around 2,300–2,500 years ago, it was probably used in rites praying for a good harvest. It is designated a Treasure and kept at the National Museum of Korea.

  4. Houses and Pots, Moats and Palisades

    Instead of deep, round pit houses, shallow rectangular houses became common and grew larger, and the hearth moved closer to the wall. The typical pottery is plain pottery, flat-bottomed with an undecorated surface, along with red burnished pottery, coated with red clay and polished, and, depending on the region, Misong-ri-type pottery with a neck and handles. A ditch dug around a village is called a moat, and a wooden fence a palisade. At the Geomdan-ri site in Ulsan, a ditch running all the way around the village has been confirmed, and polished stone daggers and stone arrowheads increased sharply at this time, telling us that fighting with neighbors had become frequent.

  5. Finely patterned mirror from Daegok-ri, HwasunFinely patterned mirror, Daegok-ri, Hwasun · National Treasure

    Chieftains Who Claimed to Be Children of Heaven

    As fighting became frequent, rulers who controlled several villages appeared: the chieftains. A chieftain claimed to be a descendant of Heaven, an idea known as the belief in a chosen people. In the Bronze Age, people used coarse-patterned mirrors with thick lines; the finely patterned mirror from Daegok-ri, Hwasun, in the photo (a National Treasure) is a later mirror from the early Iron Age, with patterns carved in lines as fine as hair. On a rock in Alteo village, Janggi-ri, Goryeong, North Gyeongsang Province (the Janggi-ri Petroglyphs), four sets of triple concentric circles, cross shapes and furry mask shapes are carved; scholars see the concentric circles as the sun.

  6. Dolmen at Bugeun-ri, GanghwaDolmen at Bugeun-ri, Ganghwa · Table type

    How Were Dolmens Raised?

    No records tell us how dolmens were raised, so scholars reconstruct the process from quarry traces and experiments. They think that when wooden wedges were driven into holes cut along the grain of the rock and soaked with water, the wedges swelled and split the rock. In Hwasun, South Jeolla Province, several quarries where capstones were split off remain right next to the dolmens. People probably set up the support stones, piled earth to make a ramp, hauled the capstone up with ropes, levers and logs, and then cleared the earth away. If one person can pull about 100 kilograms, a single capstone weighing dozens of tons would need hundreds of people on the ropes.

  7. Dolmen cluster at Jungnim-ri, GochangDolmen cluster at Jungnim-ri, Gochang

    A Land of Dolmens

    Dolmens, usually seen as the tombs of the Bronze Age ruling class, come in three types: the table type, with tall support stones; the go-board type, with a large capstone on low support stones; and the capstone type, with only a capstone and no support stones. About 40,000 are known on the Korean Peninsula, North and South combined, which means nearly half of the world’s dolmens are in this land. Of the roughly 30,000 in South Korea, about 20,000 are concentrated in South Jeolla Province. The dolmen sites of Ganghwa in Incheon, Gochang in North Jeolla and Hwasun in South Jeolla became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2000. Gochang alone has more than 1,600, weighing anywhere from 10 tons to as much as 300 tons.

Key Words of This Episode

Next episode

Episode 4 · A Kingdom Sent from Heaven

Hwanung, son of Heaven; a bear and a tiger who wanted to become human; and Dangun Wanggeom. The story of Gojoseon, Korea’s first kingdom, unfolds.

Photo credits

All illustrations in this webtoon are original. Character names and dialogue are imaginative reconstructions based on historical facts and research. Dates and interpretations follow mainstream scholarship; where scholars disagree, the History Notes say so.